1) What ideas or ideologies lead to World War I beginning?
Serbian search for independence
nationalism
2) Outline the specific events in 1914 that led to a World War.
The Serbians wanted to be recognized as an independent nation
Franz Ferdinand assassinated
Many people with alliances lashed out at the Serbians
Serbians lashed back
3) What advancements in technology help create massive causalities?
Improved cannons. Other artillery fired larger shells with greater distances.
Also poison gas. It was first used by Germans. It could kill or seriously injure anyone who breathed it.
German U-Boat
4) How did the forming of alliances increase the likelihood of war?
If one country came into war, and they had an alliance with another war, it would become a world war. Everyone one would start fighting because everyone was in an alliance.
5) List the Allies ad the Central Powers during the war. Allies- Great Britain, France and Russia, Japan, Italy
Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire.
6) Explain how world war in Europe brought an economic boom for the United States.
They were suppling the US troops and other Allies with food, war-related goods, weapons and such things.
7) Briefly discuss the importance of the following battles: Marne, Verdun, Somme, Gallipoli, Argonne Forest.
Marne:
September 5-12, 1914
Marne River few miles east of Paris
Saved Paris from invasion by the Germans and boosted French morale
Made is clear that neither side was going to win the war easily or quickly
Verdun:
February-December 1916 (on and off)
Northeastern France
Trench warfare
Germans made small gains but lost after the French counterattacked
One of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war
More than 750,000 French & German soldiers died
Somme:
July 1916
Northern France
High number of casualties
Allies only gain 7 miles in the offensive
Gallipoli:
April 25, 1916 - January 9, 1916
French and British wanted to capture Istanbul and secure a sea route to Russia
They failed
Heavy Casualties on both sides - Allies = 220,000 Central = 251,000
First major battle undertaken by the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (considered the birth of national consciousness of the these countries)
The Turkish struggle eventually led to the Turkish War of Independence and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey 8 years later under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Argonne Forest:
September-November 1918
West of Verdun
More than a million Americans join Allies
Raged for nearly seven weeks
Soldiers struggled through heavily forested ground, rain, mud, barbed wire, and withering fire from German machine guns
Many Casualties
Allies finally pushed back the Germans and broke through enemy lines
Allies invaded Germany
8) Who was the U.S. General in Command during the war?
General John J. Pershing
9) Write three questions of your own based on information that you found interesting in these sections.
What would've happened if no one had allies?
What would America be like now if we would've never joined the war?
Questions pg. 692 5-17
5) Why did nations form alliances?
To keep peace by creating a balance of power. It prevented one country from dominating the others.
6) Why did the Zimmerman telegram push the US toward war?
The German's tried to bribe the Mexican's into fighting for them. They told the Mexican's that if they fought for them they would get their land back that was taken by the American's in the Mexican-Americna War.
7) What was the Sussex Pledge?
Germany pledged to not target passenger ships, not attack merchant ships unless war supplies were onboard, and to not sink the chips until all passengers and crew had be saved.
8) Who won the presidency in the election on 1916?
Woodrow Wilson
9) How did Russia's withdrawal affect WWI?
The Allies needed more troops
In 1918 Vladimir Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany which surrendered Poland, the Ukraine and other territory to the Germans.
Allowed Germans to moved thousands of troops from the Eastern Front to the Western Front in France
10) In what ways did the war help improve conditions for American workers?
The government needed them to produce the goods for the war, so more jobs were created.
11) Who were the leaders at the Paris Peace Conference?Premier Georges Clemenceau of France
Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy
President Woodrow Wilson of the US
Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain
12) What was Henry Cabot Lodge's greatest concern about the League of Nations?
That if the US joined to League of Nations that American troops and ships may be called to any part of the world by a nation other than the US.
13) What advantages did airplanes provide in the war?
Spying
14) How did President Wilson use Russia's revolution in March of 1917 to gain support for the war?
Many American's thought that Russia's new government would help the Allies. Wilson could then claim that the Allies were fighting a war of democracy against autocracy.
15) What four nations dominated the Paris Peace Conference?
US
Great Britain
France
Italy
16) Explain the causes of the labor shortage in the United States during the war.
It provided new job opportunities for women and minorities.
Thousands of Mexican's also migrated to the US
17) Outline section 5
Wednesday, March 28, 2012
Friday, March 16, 2012
Ch. 19 & 21 Notes
CH. 21!
Railroad: By 1900, there were 250,000 miles of railroad track laid. James J. Hill and Cornelius Vanderbilt were the railroad barons at the time, controlled up to 90% of the railroad at the time. Because of this, they could charge whatever price they wanted to people. However, they could cut deals for their rich buddies so they could travel at lower prices.
Railroad transport was very important as it moved resources from the west-to-east, east-to-west.
Railroad technology: Air brakes, refrigerated railcars, luxurious sleeping cars, electromagnetic braking systems, as well as dining cars.
Railroads also affected how Americans thought about time, people would measure the trip into how many hours it was instead of miles, and this is how time zones came about!
Improved communication inventions: Telephone made in 1876, telegraph.
Other inventions: Kodak Camera invented in 1888, Lewis Latimer improved on the lightbulb, giving it a threaded socket and an improved filament, automatic shoemaking machine.
Thomas Edison inventions: Telephone transmitters, storage battery, electric lightbulbs made in 1879, phonograph made in 1877
THE AGE OF BIG BUSINESS!
Oil was one of the biggest industries back then, and people were finding better, more efficient ways to get it out of the earth faster. Cars were becoming powered by gasoline which helped people get the oil faster and with more reason. Steel business was booming with all the railroads being built and in heavy use. Development of new manufacturing tools made steel very inexpensive.
The corporations grew larger. J.D. Rockefeller and his railroad business and Andrew Carnegie with his steel industry were becoming highly successful.
Many mergers happened at this time, since there many monopolies, people would combine businesses to form corporations to be more beneficial to both parties.
SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT
This law was in 1890, and it sought to protect trade and commerce from unlawful restraint and commerce. However, it didn't fully define trusts or monopolies so people began to reinterpret the act.
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS!
In 1800's most working women were domestic servants, but then by the 1900's more than 1,000,000 women worked in the industry. But since no laws regulate women's salaries, they earned half of what men earned for the same work.
In 1900, a thousand children under the age of 16 were working for the industry. Many states began passing laws that children couldn't work until they were 12 and couldn't work more than 10 hours a day.
Unsatisfied workers formed labor unions so that they could get better working conditions and salaries for them.
CH. 19!
Railroad: By 1900, there were 250,000 miles of railroad track laid. James J. Hill and Cornelius Vanderbilt were the railroad barons at the time, controlled up to 90% of the railroad at the time. Because of this, they could charge whatever price they wanted to people. However, they could cut deals for their rich buddies so they could travel at lower prices.
Railroad transport was very important as it moved resources from the west-to-east, east-to-west.
Railroad technology: Air brakes, refrigerated railcars, luxurious sleeping cars, electromagnetic braking systems, as well as dining cars.
Railroads also affected how Americans thought about time, people would measure the trip into how many hours it was instead of miles, and this is how time zones came about!
Improved communication inventions: Telephone made in 1876, telegraph.
Other inventions: Kodak Camera invented in 1888, Lewis Latimer improved on the lightbulb, giving it a threaded socket and an improved filament, automatic shoemaking machine.
Thomas Edison inventions: Telephone transmitters, storage battery, electric lightbulbs made in 1879, phonograph made in 1877
THE AGE OF BIG BUSINESS!
Oil was one of the biggest industries back then, and people were finding better, more efficient ways to get it out of the earth faster. Cars were becoming powered by gasoline which helped people get the oil faster and with more reason. Steel business was booming with all the railroads being built and in heavy use. Development of new manufacturing tools made steel very inexpensive.
The corporations grew larger. J.D. Rockefeller and his railroad business and Andrew Carnegie with his steel industry were becoming highly successful.
Many mergers happened at this time, since there many monopolies, people would combine businesses to form corporations to be more beneficial to both parties.
SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT
This law was in 1890, and it sought to protect trade and commerce from unlawful restraint and commerce. However, it didn't fully define trusts or monopolies so people began to reinterpret the act.
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS!
In 1800's most working women were domestic servants, but then by the 1900's more than 1,000,000 women worked in the industry. But since no laws regulate women's salaries, they earned half of what men earned for the same work.
In 1900, a thousand children under the age of 16 were working for the industry. Many states began passing laws that children couldn't work until they were 12 and couldn't work more than 10 hours a day.
Unsatisfied workers formed labor unions so that they could get better working conditions and salaries for them.
CH. 19!
Theodore Roosevelt
-1902, he ordered the justice department to take legal action against certain trusts that had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. He targeted the Northern Securities Company, a railroad monopoly. The trust was broken apart.
-He obtained a total of 25 legal charges against trusts in the beef, oil, and tobacco companies.
-He made the United Mine Workers have a normal work patterns so more people got more hours and more pay.
-He enforced the U.S. Forest Service in 1905 to help conserve natural resources. He reserved millions of acres of national forest.
William Howard Taft
-He won more antitrust in four years then Roosevelt did in seven.
-He favored the introduction of safety standers in the mines and railroad.
-In 1912, Roosevelt challenged Roosevelt in the election because he was disappointed in Taft. He thought that he was changed his ways. Roosevelt was angry that he didn’t get the nomination on the first ballot so he formed the Progressive party. Neither of them won, Wilson did.
Woodrow Wilson
-He achieved tariff reform in 1913.
-That same year, Congress also passed the Federal Reserve Act to regulate banking.
-In 1914 he established the Federal Trade Commission to investigate corporations for unfair trade practices.
Wednesday, March 14, 2012
Ch. 21 Questions
7) By doing favors for people, like making Turkey dinners, summer boat rides, getting jobs for immigrants, and helping needy families.
8) They exposed injustices and corruptions.
9) 17th
10) 19th
11) Settling a dipute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider.
12) Because Roosevelt thought Taft stole nominations from him.
13) To regulate Banking
14) Unequal treatment becuase of their race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth.
15) He was one of the founders of the Society of American Indians, he was raised by whites, became an activist to show the governments abuse of Native Americans Rights.
16) Because they encountered discrimination. They wanted to raise money for insurance and legal help.
17) It gave people a voice in selecting their representatives.
18) The government wanted fair prices.
19) 19th Amendment- Women had the right to vote.
Recall- Enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from their jobs
Initiative-Allowed citizens to place a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election
Referendum- Gave voters the opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted
8) They exposed injustices and corruptions.
9) 17th
10) 19th
11) Settling a dipute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider.
12) Because Roosevelt thought Taft stole nominations from him.
13) To regulate Banking
14) Unequal treatment becuase of their race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth.
15) He was one of the founders of the Society of American Indians, he was raised by whites, became an activist to show the governments abuse of Native Americans Rights.
16) Because they encountered discrimination. They wanted to raise money for insurance and legal help.
17) It gave people a voice in selecting their representatives.
18) The government wanted fair prices.
19) 19th Amendment- Women had the right to vote.
Recall- Enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from their jobs
Initiative-Allowed citizens to place a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election
Referendum- Gave voters the opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted
Monday, March 12, 2012
Ch. 19 questions
5) What improvements in railway transportation were brought about by new technology?
Air Brakes
Refrigerated Cars
Janney Car Couplers
Pullman Sleeping Car
Electromagnetic Brakes
6) What were four of Thomas Edison's inventions?
Refrigerated Cars
Janney Car Couplers
Pullman Sleeping Car
Electromagnetic Brakes
6) What were four of Thomas Edison's inventions?
Electric Lightbulb
Phonograph
Telephone Transmitter
Storage Battery
7) What inventions improved communications in the late 1800s?
Phonograph
Telephone Transmitter
Storage Battery
7) What inventions improved communications in the late 1800s?
Telephone
Telegraph
8) What manufacturing methods did Henry Ford use to make his new automobile affordable?
Telegraph
8) What manufacturing methods did Henry Ford use to make his new automobile affordable?
The assembly line
9) What is vertical integration?
9) What is vertical integration?
Acquiring companies that provided the equipment and services needed
10) What action did Congress take to control trusts and monopolies in response to pressure from the American people?
10) What action did Congress take to control trusts and monopolies in response to pressure from the American people?
Sherman Antitrust Act poop
11) What is collective bargaining?
11) What is collective bargaining?
Unions represent workers in bargaining with management
12) How did the Haymarket Riot of 1886 affect public opinion about the labor movement?
12) How did the Haymarket Riot of 1886 affect public opinion about the labor movement?
Many people associated the labor movement with terrorism and disorder
13) Describe the contributions of African American inventors in the late 1800s.
Jan E. Matzeliger developed a shoe-making machine
13) Describe the contributions of African American inventors in the late 1800s.
Jan E. Matzeliger developed a shoe-making machine
Lewis Howard Latimer developed an improved filament for the light bulb.
Elijah McCoy invented a mechanism for oiling machinery
Granville Woods patented the electric incubator, electromagnetic brake, and an automatic circuit breaker.
Elijah McCoy invented a mechanism for oiling machinery
Granville Woods patented the electric incubator, electromagnetic brake, and an automatic circuit breaker.
14) How did horizontal integration differ from vertical integration?
Horizontal combines competing firms into one corporation.
Vertical acquired companies that provided the needed equipment and services.
15) Why did the workers think that forming organized labor unions would help them get what they wanted from employers?
16) Describe two ways in which the growing railroad network helped American industry.
Industrial westward expansion
Farmers moving west
17) What forms of transportation moved goods into and out of this region?
Trains
Ships
18) What industry grew in the timbered regions of Wisconsin and Michigan?
Sawmills
19) Identify the major iron/steel manufacturing centers shown on the map.
South Bend
Detroit
Cleveland
Youngstown
Buffalo
Pittsburgh
20) If you traveled from Florida to California, what time zones would you cross?
Eastern
Central
Mountain
Pacific
21) If it is 6 AM in Maine, what time is it in Hawaii?
1 AM
22) If it is 3 PM in Texas, what time is it in Alaska?
12 PM
Horizontal combines competing firms into one corporation.
Vertical acquired companies that provided the needed equipment and services.
15) Why did the workers think that forming organized labor unions would help them get what they wanted from employers?
16) Describe two ways in which the growing railroad network helped American industry.
Industrial westward expansion
Farmers moving west
17) What forms of transportation moved goods into and out of this region?
Trains
Ships
18) What industry grew in the timbered regions of Wisconsin and Michigan?
Sawmills
19) Identify the major iron/steel manufacturing centers shown on the map.
South Bend
Detroit
Cleveland
Youngstown
Buffalo
Pittsburgh
20) If you traveled from Florida to California, what time zones would you cross?
Eastern
Central
Mountain
Pacific
21) If it is 6 AM in Maine, what time is it in Hawaii?
1 AM
22) If it is 3 PM in Texas, what time is it in Alaska?
12 PM
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